Writing can even have information-transforming effects, because it permits humans to externalize their considering in varieties that are simpler to reflect on, elaborate on, reconsider, and revise. Even in occupations not typically associated with writing, routine workflows (sustaining records, reporting incidents, document-conserving, inventory-tracking, documenting gross sales, accounting for time, fielding inquiries from clients, and so on.) have most employees writing at least a number of the time. A few of this is explicitly directed toward the training of writing, but much is focused extra on topic learning. Handbook of Research on Writing: Historical past, Society, College, Individual, Textual content, New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc. Powell, Barry B. 2009. Writing: Idea and Historical past of the Technology of Civilization, Oxford: Blackwell. Technical writing and medical writing are recognized writing specialties that tackle the needs of scientifically and technologically based professions for exact, correct, and timely communications internally and externally for the publics the professions serve.